Dissertation is to investigate - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8080 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the need for and impact of employee remuneration on organizational productivity. The study will focus on relationship between motivational techniques and employee performance. To examine the relationship between the level of job satisfaction of employee performance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dissertation is to investigate" essay for you Create order It will also investigate the relationship between remuneration and employee performance. And the evaluation and development of reward process, which in turn can lead to improved profitability in an organization. If it is accepted that organizations assets are its work force, it is imperative that they ensure that they are fully motivated. This is because if the workers perceive that they are poorly remunerated, their performance is likely to drop and this will have negative effects on the organization. It is important to note that there are several theories of motivation proposed by various researchers including Abraham Maslow, Alderfers ERG Theory, Herzbergs two-factor Theory, Equity Theory, Expectancy Theory, McClellands Theory, Goal Setting Theory, McGregors theory X and Y, Ouchis Theory Z etc. (Sarin, 2009; 237). These theories have led to the development of various tools of motivation used by organizations to stimulate the interest of their employees. This research will examine the some of these motivation theories and apply them to measure their actual effectiveness on employee performance as well as organizational productivity. Managing requires the creation and maintaining of an environment for the performance of individual working together in groups towards the accomplishment of a common objectives/ goals. A manager cannot do his job without knowing what his people want. To emphasize the importance of knowing and taking advantages of motivating factors particularly job satisfaction is the concern of the managers. Their job is not to attempt to manipulate people but rather to recognize the motivating factors in designing an environment for performance. The basic element of human behaviour is one kind of activity, physical or mental. We can look at human behaviour as a series of activities, the question that arises, include to what extent can the activities of human being be undertaken in any point in time that is people do things that lead them to accomplish something, but individual goals can be elusive, sometimes people know exactly why they do things. Management task is to get things done through other people due to global economic recession which is affecting Nigeria economy, employee are no longer safe due to unnecessary retrenchment, layoff , payoff compulsory leave etc, employee do not want to put in order to encourage active participation from employee for the attainment of organizational goal, there should be job satisfaction. The word Employee Remuneration to most people refers to money and usually money in addition to wages and salaries. However, job satisfaction according to Lawal (1992, pg56) is the favourableness with which employee view their work. Stephen P.etal (2009), define job satisfaction as a persons general attitude towards her job. It is obtained when there is a proffer fit between job characteristics and wants of employees, in fact Employee Remuneration is an organizational set up as an embodiment of many factors, Employee Remuneration has a cause effect phenomenon, one area that brings about job satisfaction is the motivation of the workers. The factors identified by management to be responsible for Employee Remuneration of workers on the jobs are:- Good Remuneration Job Enrichment Job Content Job Rotation Conducive job environment Positive Criticism Participating in all level of decision process Equity share in the organization. Recognition for contribution made in the organization. Since evaluation of management, professional managers and the writers on management have made a variety of assumptions about what would make the individual employee (that is the worker) to be satisfied, for example, the traditional theory of organization that a system of reward and punishment should be used to elicit the desire behaviour. This is implemented through compensation package based on productivity of an employee e.g. Taylor differentiate system based on the necessity not out of love of money. Therefore, this assumption naturally lead to the conclusion that was an important factor that satisfied the workers on the job. In late 80s, managers started to witness frequent encounter with workers who appeared to be suspicious of management and also are unimpressed by money, unconcerned about productivity and self-centred. Then recognition of for workers become a major challenge to management in view of the fact that a simple solution to the problem did not exist. From the above it therefore implies that for organization to increase employee performance, managers need to be much more sophisticated in understanding of employees behaviour in an organisation. The understanding will provide basic ingredient for the designing and incorporating. Employee remuneration strategies into the policy and objective of the organisation on the total neglect is capable of having a great adverse effect on the organisational objective specially on the long run. Employee resentment of the scientific management system led to the modification of job design and to maintain employee enthusiasm and productivity, job enrichment became HR managers approach to motivation. Employees desire jobs that are challenging, autonomous and will require their intellects. Job enrichment makes provision to fulfil this desire as it involves an increase in the level of responsibility for planning and co-coordinating tasks (Stevenson, 2002; 310 cited in Maxwell et al, 2008; 436). According to Kreitner and Kinicki (2001) cited also in Maxwell et al (2008; 436) the theory of job enrichment is a practical application of Herzbergs hygiene theory, which postulates that employees are motivated when there is an increase in job satisfaction (Maxwell et al, 2008; 436). 1.1 Background to the study In Nigeria, there is a complete dearth of studies that looked into this effective management tool in organisations. Therefore, this study will carry out primary research amongst employees in a Nigerian banking sector. It is important to find out whether labour performance can be improved through remuneration which can be in term of financial and non-financial remuneration/reward in the Nigerian working environment. Hence, the research into reward and motivation has become necessary in order to alert Nigerian employers on the need for adequate motivation, both financial and non-financial to ensure commensurate employee performance. Motivation commences with a need, vision, dream, or desire to achieve what seems impossible. Employers desire their employees to have a can-do attitude to everything. In their opinion, this attitude assures an increase in productivity (Maxwell et al, 2008; 432). In todays increasingly changing world, both employee and employers are trying to find ways to make jobs more meaningful and satisfying. One of the ways to do this is to redesign jobs to better meet new requirements. The re-engineering of jobs has been a significant labor market occurrence over the last 20 years. The design of jobs as it relates to employee participation, flexible working and employee/group independence has experienced extensive changes. These changes include the use of several recent HR practices e.g. employee involvement programs such as quality circles, more use of job rotation and flexibility, job enrichment, job enlargement, and more work-team self-management (Maxwell et al, 2008; 432-433). Redesigning ha s several characteristics of which job enrichment is one. The study of job redesign reveals how various classes of workers vary from one to another in form of what they need. According to Kreitner and Kinicki (2001) cited in Maxwell et al (2008; 433), job design or redesign is any set of activities involving the alteration of specific jobs or interdependent systems of jobs with the intent of improving the quality of employee job experience and their on-the-job productivity. Employee resentment of the scientific management system led to the modification of job design and to maintain employee enthusiasm and productivity, job enrichment became HR managers approach to motivation. Employees desire jobs that are challenging, autonomous and will require their intellects. Job enrichment makes provision to fulfil this desire as it involves an increase in the level of responsibility for planning and co-ordinating tasks (Stevenson, 2002; 310 cited in Maxwell et al, 2008; 436). According to Kreitner and Kinicki (2001) cited also in Maxwell et al (2008; 436) the theory of job enrichment is a practical application of Herzbergs hygiene theory, which postulates that employees are motivated when there is an increase in job satisfaction (Maxwell et al, 2008; 436). The purpose of this research is highlighting the impact of employee remuneration on organisational productivity. It is aimed at identifying those attitudes of the management of the company towards its employees that will enable the company to achieve its corporate goals. This study is necessary as lack of adequate information can hinder organisations from achieving set goals, which usually amongst many others is profit maximisation. 1.2 Aims and Objectives The main aim of this study is to know the importance of employees remuneration to the job satisfaction of the workforce, and theoretically it is to identify the various motivational incentive and summarise the various view of managers on the impact of these incentives on employee. Also this study aims to evaluate Access bank plc success vis-a-vis rewarding their staffs. Objectives The objective of this study is to examine, The Impact that Employee Remuneration has on organisational Productivity in the this, the researcher will attempt to examine the following:- To examine the relationship between motivational techniques and employee performance. To examine the relationship between level of job satisfaction of employee performance. To examine the relationship between employee remuneration and employee performance The evaluation and development of reward process. The link between employee remuneration and job satisfaction 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Human being as individual has a unique characteristic which is distinct from others, therefore in an organisation that has over one thousand workers, it means there would be different kind of characteristics. Employee remuneration as a psychology concept calls for a thorough understanding of employees need which will enable the management to blend them with the corporate need in order to have an equitable mix that will enhance the realisation of the overall objectives of the overall objectives of the organisation and employee. On a closer look at most organisation, the essential intrinsic factors have not been properly addressed by contemporary organisation, no wonder we have high rate of incessant strike witnessed by these organisations over the year. The problem therefore is how to maintain an equitable compensation package of fulfilling the aspiration of both the employee and employers in such a way that an equilibrium social interaction will be maintained. It is therefore important for the organisation to realize the provision of intrinsic factor that satisfy the need urges, want and aspiration of workers would have a long run effect on the profitability base of the organisation which are fundamental criteria for the measurement of Employees Remuneration. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In this chapter, the researcher proposes to critically consider a number of theories of motivation that are relevant to the study. In addition, the researcher will examine the impact of employee remuneration, and the relationship between job enrichment and employee performance. To examine the relationship between motivational techniques and employee performance. To examine the relationship between level of job satisfaction of employee performance. To examine the relationship between employee remuneration and employee performance The evaluation and development of reward process. The link between employee remuneration and job satisfaction 2.1 Motivation Theories Motivation deals with the factors that shape peoples behaviour. The three components of motivation identified by Arnold et al (1991) cited in Armstrong (2002; 56) are 1) direction 2) effort and 3) persistence. In a work environment, employees can self-motivate by seeking and engaging in activities that will lead them to achieve set goals (intrinsic motivation) or be motivated by management through various reward systems (extrinsic motivation) (Armstrong, 2002; 56). Earlier views on motivation, albeit not always perfect, have proved to be an important part of the foundation for evolutionary growth. Motivation is a blend of factors that drives peoples actions and it can be classified as individual, group and organizational motivation. The different theories of motivation, in their different ways facilitate our understanding of the complex process of motivation and the fact that there are no straightforward answers to motivating anybody (Armstrong, 2002; 57). Scientific management sees money as the primary human motivator, while the view of human relations is that social factors are the primary human motivator (Sarin, 2009; 237). Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is known as the father of scientific management, focused on applying the concepts of science to improve production by relying on the use of observation, measurement, analysis and improvement of work methods, and economic incentives. His study of work methods in great detail identified the best process for doing each job and laid emphasis on output. This theory was not particularly favoured with workers, who believed that it was not fair to increase output without a commensurate increase in reward (Stevenson, 2002; 21 cited in Maxwell et al; 2008; 433). The instrumentality theory of motivation derived its roots from the scientific management theory of Taylor and also emphasized the importance of money as the main reason people work. Hence, rewards or otherwise should be linked directl y to performance. However, this theory fails to take into consideration other human needs that could affect performance (Armstrong, 2002; 57). This omission gave rise to the needs theory, the basis of which is the belief that an unfulfilled need creates a sense of anxiety. Therefore, in order to create a sense of fulfilment, once a need is identified, a pattern of fulfilling it must be set out. However, not all needs are important at a given time in a persons life. Some needs are more urgent than others (Armstrong, 2002; 58). Abraham Maslows theory (1940) cited in Sarin (2009; 237) is said to have based his theory on Henry A. Murrays postulation that people seek to satisfy their various needs at the same time, rather than in a specific order. Murrays Manifest Needs however did not arrange the identified needs in any particular order of importance, unlike Maslows hierarchy of a set of five needs Physiological, Security, Social, Esteem and Self actualization each of which is related to the other and arranged in order of hierarchy. According to him, once a need is met, it does not motivate a persons behaviour again. However, it is possible to either move up or down each of the levels depending on whether a need has been fulfilled or the realization of a need is being endangered (Sarin, 2009; 237). McClelland (1975) identified three needs achievement, affiliation and power that motivates managers. However, while agreeing with Maslow that motives are part of the personality, he is of the opinion that they are caused by environmental factors. The levels of these needs are dependent on different individuals. While some may have a higher need for achievement, others may desire affiliation or power (Armstrong, 2002; 58). Herzberg (1959) based his theory on two sets of factors extrinsic and intrinsic that were directly relating to job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Extrinsic factors are referred to as hygiene or maintenance factors and they are linked to job environment, job context e.g. quality of supervision, work conditions, company policies, relationship with co-workers and level of compensation. Job dissatisfaction may occur where there are no extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors referred to as motivators or growth factors, on the other hand, relate to the job itself e.g. the complexity of work, level of importance with the organization as well as promotion opportunities. The resultant effect of intrinsic factors is a high level of job satisfaction, which according to Herzberg will prevent dissatisfaction and create a positive attitude to work (Di Cesare and Sadri, 2003; 36). Essentially, businesses should study the motivator factors and hygiene factors with a view to optimize motivation and productivity among employees (Maxwell et al, 2008; 436). Some managers hold the view that employee can be motivated to improve productivity by means of monetary incentives. The monetary scheme may be take a variety of different form example price rate, individual bonus, a team or group bonus scheme , a high pay rate system and profit sharing plan. All these have been packaged to motivate employees so as to improve on their performance. However, the general problem of monetary incentives is that they are effective in the short run but not necessary cost effective, on the other hand, money can motivate depending on the individuals need for money. Money is not an end itself but means of satisfying needs, employee remuneration proceeds high organisational productivity his for workers to be satisfied with their job, there is need to study the various motivation theories postulated by management experts. Motivation theories have series of theories, that is complementary to one another. The leading theory are listed below and summarised in table 19.1. the most significant ones are those concerned with expectancy, goal settings and equity, which are classified as process or cognitive theories. 2.2 Employee Compensation Dessler (2008) define employee compensation as all forms of pay going to employee and arising from their employment. He also stated that the compensation can be in two forms and they are direct financial payment and indirect financial payment. Direct financial payment can come in form of wages, salaries, incentives, commission and bonuses. While indirect can be in form financial benefit like employer-paid insurance and vacations. All these are strategy of remuneration, Baron A Armstrong M, give their own contribution towards the strategy of remuneration that the implication of human capital theory is that investment in people adds to their value to the firm. 2.2.1 Why should organisations compensate Employee? According to Stephen P. Robbins David A. Decenzo (2005, pg211) when an organisation design its overall compensation package, it has to look further than just an hourly wages or annual salary. It has to take into account another element, benefits. They even include that employee remuneration are non financial rewards designed to enrich employees live. This has grown a great importance in the life of an employee and a variety over the past years. Also stated that non financial reward should also put into consideration , if an employee invest their human capital into the firm they have to obtain a return not only in form of opportunity to grow and to achieve but also in terms of being valued to their employer. This authors opinion is different from other peoples opinion they include that organisation should have array of benefit such as paid time off from work, life and disability insurance, retirement programs and health insurance. While some of this benefit are been paid by both employee and employer, such benefits are retirement and health insurance. 2.3 Employee Remuneration The word Employee Remuneration to most people refer s to money and usually money is addition to wages and salaries. In fact employee in any organisation set up as an embodiment of many factors. Employee remuneration has caused effective phenomenon, one area that brings about employee remuneration is motivation of the workers In fact employee remuneration in any organisation set up embodiment of many factors. employee remuneration has caused effect phenomenon, one area that brings about employee remuneration is motivation of the workers. The organisations identified to be responsible for employee remuneration of workers are as follows: Job Enrichment Job Rotation Job Content Conducive Job Environment Equity Share in the organisation Participation in all level of decision process Positive criticism Recognition for contribution made in the organisation. Since evaluation of management professional managers and writers on management have made variety of assumption-about what would make the individual employees (workers) to be satisfied for example. The traditional (theory of organisation that a system reward and punishment should be used to elicit the desire behaviour, this is implemented through a compensation packages, based on productivity of employee example of Taylor differentiates payee system of based on the assumption that employee work out of necessity not out of love of money. Therefore this naturally led to the conclusion that money was an important factor that satisfied the workers on the job. In the late eightys (80) and ninetys (90) managers started to witness frequent encounter with workers who appeared to be suspicious of management in view of the fact that a simple solution to the problem of did not exist, in addition it may be noted that when considering some traits of workers. The understanding will provide the basic ingredient for designing and incorporating employee remunerations and strategies into the policy and objective of the organisation as it is total neglect is capable of having a great advance effect on the organisation objective especially in the long run. Reilly P. Williams T. (2006) Support that for employee remunerations to be effective HR needs the support of the top team. An unsympathetic CEO can be the a major block on getting people management issue properly on the agenda. Even when the HR director is low in the pecking order, well behind the chief financial officer information officer, the same result will occur. So HR director as a person needs to be respected by the board, executive etc. need to support and understand what HR is doing. This simply means another way for HR to motivate staff is to have a good relationship with senior management and with employees. 2.3.1 When should an employee is well remunerated? The characteristics of the job need of the individual, it is clear that there are numerous variable between people and their jobs that helps to determine their relationship. It must be noted that the concept of employee remuneration is psychological, it relates to these forces operating within individual employees. The underlying problem is therefore, that management should attempt to strike a balance so as to satisfy the interest of both the organisation and the workers. The reality of management observed that emphasis of high employee remuneration shifted away from the job itself to labour. In simplistic term, an employee organisation productivity can be define as being determined by the level and interaction between ability and motivation thus: Organisation productivity is contingent on a number of factors such as skill (liability appropriate for assigned job)motivation and role clarify (a clear understanding of assigned role). Another way that Reilly Williams T add their support to how HR activity can influence the way to manage their staff, it will be encouraging line managers to allow scope for employee involvement and space for employees to act in practical terms, that this might be supporting the consultation of staff if changes are afoot. Also it is the duty of HR to determine whether the employee is due to be reward, before the department can come to conclusion, such employee have to go through the performance appraisal process which contains three steps Define the job:- the means that the employee understand the nature of the job that he/ she has to do in the organisation and to do it to the organisation standards Appraising performance:- Dessler G defines this as comparing your subordinates actual performance as to the standard that have been set ; this usually involves some types of rating form. Feedback session:- here is the situation where two of you debate on employees performance and progress, an d make plan for any development. There various methods of appraisal methods such as graphic rating scale, Alternation ranking method, paired comparison method, forced distribution method etc. I will try and expansiate on two of this methods PAIRED COMPARISON METHOD:- this is a method whereby the two employee together in terms of quantity of work, quality of work , behaviour, how they react to work whenever they have been called, team work and so on. GRAPHIC RATING SCALE METHOD:- this method can be refer to as the simplest and what most organisation prefer to use for appraising staff performance. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK To provide the required theoretical background for the study attempt will made to review literature of motivation as a means of achieving employee remunerations. Reward Reward can be described as a way which one is been compensate what been done either good or bad, it can also be called benefit that is given to an employee or group of people in an organisation. This can be done directly or indirectly. It usually use to encourage people at work to be able to put more effort in work that need to be done. This usually done when an employee want to sign a contract with an organisation or company such employer needs to allow the employee to be fully aware what the package of the income will be per annum or hourly paid if such an employee is interest he or she is going to sign the contact form. There are two types of rewards, they are financial and non financial rewards. Financial Reward also can be refer to as an incentive which can be in form of financial reward given to an employees whose production exceed predetermined standard that is the production is beyond what the organisation expectation. This can also be in form of pay structure, incentives and benefits this three usually has it important role to play in implementing strategies in an organisation. firstly, For a high level of pay or benefits relative to that of competitors can ensure that the company attracts and retains high quality employees, but this might have a negative impact on the companys overall labour cost. Secondly, by tying pay to performance, the company can elicit specific activities and level of performance from employee. In a study of how compensation practices are tied to strategies, researchers examined 33high- tech and 72 traditional companies. They classified them by whether they were in growth stage. They found that high-tech companies in growth stage (greater than 20percent inflation- adjusted increases in annual sales) or a maturity stage. They found that high-tech companies in the growth stage used compensation systems that were highly geared towards incentive pay, with a lower percentage of total pay devoted to salary and benefits. On the other hand, compensation systems among mature companies (both high-tech and traditional)devoted a lower percentage of total pay to incentive and a high percentage to benefits. (Noe.et.al 2003; pg 69). Organisation believe that given an employee incentives after profit is another way of motivating an employee to put more effort to his /her work this reward can be inform of profit sharing, salary increase, Non- Financial reward 2.5 Job satisfaction you need to talk on job satisfaction Employee performance pg66 amstrong hand bk 2.6 What is Motivation Behind every behaviour there is motive, that is all behaviour is motivated, behaviour psychologist agree that what motivate individual is the satisfaction of their needs but do not develop generally acceptable clarification of needs, several theories of motivation of worker. These theories can be grouped into two major categories. The satisfaction or content theories The instrumentally theories The satisfaction or content theories assume that human beings have needs and its their desire to satisfy these needs that limitation to specific behaviours. The instrumentality or process theories are based on the assumptions of that the part which leads to a goal is influenced by the reception and values of members of the organisation. The theory of Maslow, Adeifer, Herzberg are example of theory of needs satisfaction theories. Vroom porter, Lawal and Jacque are example of instrumentality of theories. Lawal (1993), says Motivation is a persuasive function that come across all aspect of employees development, the need for motivation can be viewed from following perspectives. Qualified manpower must be attracted and maintain in organisation ton exercise Once employed workers must be motivated to exercise their time and energy in achieving the predetermined goals of the organisation. Human resources are most important factor of production in an organisation and must be maintained and developed. The reasons highlighted above suggest that the creation of conducive working environment employee remuneration are the requirement for achievement of organisation success. Hence it is necessary for manager to understand what motivate workers and how motivation influence organisation productivity. In brief, motivation is an inner state that energize activates or more directs or channel behaviour towards goals/objectives. Motivation therefore is a general term used to denotes relationship between needs and the fulfilment of needs. It is dynamic process that this five (5) parts. Deprivation, presence of need (NEEDS) Need crystal led as want (WANTS) Action, goal oriented behaviour (ACTIONS) Tension or drives to fulfil the need (DRIVES) Satisfaction of need that reduce the drive and thus create the need for re-evaluation. The above description of motivation process may not be enough to explain employees behaviour, some theories of some reckoned management writers may be needed for further clarification and explanation. Also there is two types of motivation Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation can be define as 2.8. MASLOW S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS According to Robert (1971), the best known theory of motivation was proposed by MASLOW, who hypothesized that work of every human being there exist an hierarchy of five (5) needs. According to Maslow, human beings have needs that can be arranged in hierarchy of needs, if these needs are satisfied human being will be motivated to perform however a satisfied needs is no longer a motivator. Maslow saw human needs ascending from the lowest to the highest and opined that once a set of need is met it cease to be a motivator. The needs hierarchy are Physiological needs, safety needs, affiliation or acceptance needs, esteem needs, self-actualisation needs. Physiological needs: These are basic needs of sustenance in life such as food, clothing, and shelter. It is believed according to Maslow that these needs have to be fulfilled before other needs can motivate people. Security or Safety needs: These are needs of Safety such as job security, fear of losing homes Acceptance needs: This is the need that people have to be accepted in a social environment Esteem needs: Here, people having accepted and have a sense of belonging, they want to be held in high esteem by themselves and others, this kind of needs can be reflected in power, prestige, status and respect Self-actualisation: This is the highest need in this hierarchy, it is the desire to accomplish ones desire using ones potential. individual to realize his own full potential and for self development. In this theory, it could be noted that: Motivation is determine by numerous needs. The needs of individual very considerably Manager must determine the use of subordinate and adopt appropriate motivation strategies for creating conducive working environment. Furthermore, Maslow was able to separate these five (5) needs into Higher needs i.e. love, esteem, self actualisation. Low need i.e. physiological needs, safety needs . The reason for the above classification is based on the premises that: High order needs are satisfied internally Owner needs are predominantly satisfied externally (by such things are money, wages union contract and pleasant working conditions). Maslow hierarchy of needs theory has received wide recognition particular managers, this could among participating managers, this can be attributed to the theory intensive logic and case of understanding, unfortunately however research does not generally validated the theory, as Maslow provide as empirical substantiation. 2.7.1 ALDERFER REVISED MASLOW S THEORY Alderfer revises Maslows theory and developed the theory of E.R.G where Existence need: safety and physiological needs Relatedness needs: the social and status needs Growth needs: self actualisation and self-esteem needs. However the distinction between Maslow arrangement of needs in hierarchy. To him a class of needs may remain strong irrespective of the level of satisfaction of other needs. Aldderfer study has also highlighted the following, finding in the line with Maslow theory. The less satisfaction of the existence needs, that more will be the desire for them. The less the satisfaction of relatedness needs the more unit will be the desire for them. Reduction in satisfaction for growth needs create will desire for relatedness needs. 2.7.2 PATTON THEORY OF MOTIVATION: Patton (1948), explain that factors that can be found useful by managers in motivating subordinate highlight the following basic motivation which are simple, practical and similar to those enumerated by Herzberg: Money sometimes may be a reflection of other motivator. Fear, that is the fear of errors, or loss of job or reduction of a bonus. The lack of motivation considered as an important factor present in many aspect of life. The urge to achieve leadership, that is the will to be a leader ones peer . Status which include promotions, large office, challenging job, company car, curb membership etc. The challenge found in job / work. Pattons theory of motivation put money in position as being in a similar study of Adult (Ansoff (1985) and other found out that all healthy adult have a reservoir or potential energy dischallenge in the basic of individuals motivational derived and the situations opportunities presented. Akinson model related behaviour and performance to three basic drives which vary significantly among individuals, the need for achievement, the need for power and the need for affiliation. 2.7.3 MACCLELAND THEORY OF NEEDS McClelland (1962), identifies 3types of needs of needs that motivate human beings:- The need for power, the need to exert influence and control over other, such individuals generally are seeking positions of leadership have high need for power. The need for affiliation :- the need for belonging needs, individuals with high need for affiliation usually derived pleasure from being loved and tend to avoid the pain of being rejected by a social group. The need for achievement:- that is a desire to excel or to succeed competitive situation individuals with high need for achievement have incense desired for success and equally intense for fear of failure. As individual they like to be challenged set moderately different task (but not impossible) goals for themselves, take realistic approach to risk, prefer to assume personal responsibility to get job done, like specific and prompt feedback on how they are performing all likeness to work long hours. 2.8 LAWLER PRODUCTIVITY-SATISFACTION MODEL. The belief of the heociassican theorist was that a cause effect relationship existed between employee satisfaction and productivity, they therefore recommend external motivation strategies that could lead to increased satisfaction and productivity, they therefore recommended external motivation strategies that could lead to increased satisfaction and subsequently resulting to increase productivity. Lawler model of motivation however changed the direction of relationship by hypothesing that the relationship between satisfaction and performance i.e. linked by another variable reward. Good performance according to Lawler lead to reward, and reward on the other hand lead to performance. The reward may be intrinsic (give individual by himself) or extrinsic (give to the organisation for satisfaction performance). In the model reward are linked directly to satisfaction through perceived equitable rewards which include the perceived amount of money pay actually received. Satisfaction exist of actual rewards exceed perceived rewards. If opposite occur (dissatisfaction result) perceived amount of pay is function of perceived personal job/ input, perceived non monetary outcome and wages history, perceived pay of referent other and actual pay rate. LAWLERS MODEL OF PAY SATISFACTION FROM E.E LAWLER III, PAY AND ORGANISATION EFFECTIVENESS. A PHYSIOLOGICAL VIES, MC GRAW- HILL (1971). In analysing the level of staff motivation and employee remunerations one can approach it from various ways, although, it is somehow difficult and complex, one must identify the possible causes of poor motivation and for variations between individuals and groups. Motivation analysis can be accomplished by means of open and constructive staffs appraisal system, and survey of employers perception and attitudes either by employees of the organisation or externally by an external consultancy firm. 2.8.1 MCGREGOR (THEORY X Y) McGregor (1960), identifies two leadership style on the basis of the perception of manager about subordinate behaviours. In fact the Douglas McGregors theory according to Stephen P.Robins (1982) says after viewing the dealt with employees, he concluded that a managers view of human nature is based on one of two set of assumption about peoples and managers tend their behaviour towards subordinate according to which set an assumption they holds. Douglas McGregor offered two conflicting theories commonly known as theory x and y. THEORY OF X: Theory of X assumes: An average person dislike work and void it if possible. People therefore, must be coerced, controlled, directed and threatened with punishment in order to let them work towards organisation goals. The average person want to be directed and want to avoid responsibility, he has little ambition and desire for security above all. McGregor considered the approach to be approach to be based upon wrong assumption about motivation and theory Y was preferred. THEORY Y: Theory Y assumption: Expenditure of physical and mental effort is a nation as play or rest. People can exercise self-direction and control to achieve objective which they committed. Commitment to objective is a function of reward associated with their achievement. Under proper condition people can learn to accept and seek responsibility. Ability to use imagination and creative thinking is widely distribution in the population. McGregor supported the view of Maslow about mans hierarchy of needs and suggested that a theory x approach will work well where man is concerned with the physiological and safety needs. Lawal (1993) observed that these two set of assumption have process which can be summarised as followed: 1.PLANNING: In theory x, superior set objective few subordinates hence in any alternative are explored and the commitment to objective and plan are devaluated subordinate. The theory Y, allow for joint objective setting, hence many alternative are explored and there is high commitment to objective and plan on the part of subordinate. 2. LEADING. Leadership is autocratic in theory x while theory Y adopts a participative management style. 3. RESISTANCE TO CHANGE: In theory x, people follow and in most cases develop resistance to change, in the theory Y, people seek for responsible and feel accountable and are committed to achievements of result rather than resulting to change. 4. COMMUNICATION: One way communicating in theory Y in order words, instructions are given without complaining in theory x and ideas are exchange in theory Y. 5. CONTROL: Theory x adopts one external and rigid control while control in theory Y is internal and based oneself control. In addition, theory x superior act as judge, since he has low trust in subordinates appraisal. On the other hand, in theory Y superior act as a coach provide high trust in subordinate appraisal and utilized feed toward control. 2.9 REVIEW OF CURRENT LITERATURATURE JOB SCULPTING. According to Butler and Waldroop (1999), job sculpting is the act of attaching peoples to job allows their deeply embedded life interest to be expressed. It is the act of forging a customised career path in other to increase the chance of retaining talented people. Make no mistake, job sculpting is challenging. It requires managers to play both detective and psychologist. The reason many people have only a dim awareness of their own deeply embedded life interest. They may have their lives fulfilling other peoples expectation of them or they may followed the most common courier advice do what you are good at. In the Harvard Business Review of September -October (1999) Butler and Wardroop, say most people in organisation are motivated by between are three deeply embedded life interest long head, emotionally driven passions for certain kinds of activities. Deeply embedded life interests and hobbies or enthusiasm, they are innate passions that are indicating emotional with personality. Life interest doesnt determine what were good at but what kind of work we love. In the context of career satisfaction, values refers to the reward people seek, some people value money. Other want intellectual challenge, and still other desire prestige or a comfortable lifestyle, people with the same abilities and life interest many pursue different careers based on their values. That is why they have concluded that life interest are the most important of the three variable of career satisfaction, someone can be good at a job indeed , some generally need to be and it can be like the reward they received from it. But only life interest will keep most people happy and fulfilled over the long term. And that is the key to retention. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter aims at considering the research procedure for collection of data in respect of employee remuneration as an essential instrument in achieving organisational productivity. It will also show various methods designed to gather the research sampling, research instrument, source of data collection, sample size and population sample. As noted in chapter one, an inductive approach is being used for this research. The inductive approach is relevant because a lot of research has been done on employee remuneration in an organizational productivity. Deductive approach can be refer to as the major relationship between theory and research which has its own gradual process or steps that takes, it also allow proper interpretation . The process of deductive approach is as follows:- Theory Hypothesis Data collection Findings Hypotheses confirmed or rejected Revision of theory. Therefore, I will review some of the main theories of motivation narrowing them down to specific and testable hypotheses. Data will be gathered from available statistics from studies conducted on the issue to test the hypotheses. The fact that not much literature is available on the subject of employee remuneration practices in Nigeria will form the inductive side of my research. This may be quite challenging, but will be an opportunity to study and evaluate national trends, identify patterns with the aim of devising hypotheses. The new hypotheses will be compared to existing theories to conclude whether or not there is a relationship (Saunders et al, 2003: 86-89). Chapter three will deal with the research methodology; the reason for my choice of data gathering and analysis method. Furthermore, I will examine my survey approach questionnaire, as well as enumerate the challenges encountered in the course of this research. Research Philosophy This research shall be exploratory, descriptive and explanatory. Exploratory, as I will query what is already in existence, explore fresh insights, raise questions that will facilitate my assessment from a new viewpoint.The advantage of this strategy is its flexibility. Descriptive, as I will go beyond mere description of the theories, but will delve into evaluating the data collected, drawing conclusions from it. Finally, explanatory as I will explain for example the impact of employee remuneration in an organizational productivity (Saunders et al, 2003: 96-98). To allow a broader view in my research, I intend to use multiple sources of evidence. Documentation and questionnaires are the two sources of evidence that I will use for my research. These sources are quite reliable and hence this makes them quite attractive. Data from these sources are also the results of research and surveys done over a period of time and they have good sampling and tested hypotheses. This is quite important in a research because they have a wide coverage. The secondary data collected will be tested through a survey of employees in a Nigerian organization. I will measure the impact of employee remuneration on organizational productivity. The survey strategy will be structured formal questionnaires. I will not be conducting any form of interviews. However, questionnaires will be administered by emailing to my contacts in Nigeria and the completed questionnaires will be emailed to back to me accordingly. I intend to send out at least 10 questionnaires and though this might seem a small sample and thus not representative enough (Yin, 1994), the responses of these employees will still be useful in testing [exploring] existing hypotheses and possibly suggesting alternative accounts. The reason for my small sample is not farfetched considering the fact that I will not be physically present to influence the completion of the questionnaires. In addition, the questionnaire is quite comprehensive and would require commitment on the part of those selected to complete it to actually complete and email it back. The questionnaire will be sent as email to a close contact in the Nigerian organization. This contact is expected to assist in the administration of the question among his colleague. The completed questionnaires will be emailed back to me for analysis. The questionnaire is divided into 3 sections pay administration, importance of financial non-financial rewards and work each consisting an average of 10 questions. Challenges The survey strategy is designed to give me control over the research process, however a lot of time and resources are required e.g. designing and administering the questionnaire, the cost of logistics etc., availability of appropriate computer package to analyze the results of the survey, are just a few. Initially, I wanted to travel to Nigeria to personally administer the questionnaires, but lack of funds to embark on the journey hindered me from doing so. In addition, with the approval of the management, I planned to administer the questionnaire on at least 30 employees 10 each from low, middle and top-level employees. I also planned to interview at least 3 employees 1 each from the different levels. However, this became impractical since I was no longer travelling to Nigeria and conducting the interview on phone had too many challenges including the cost of the phone calls, ability to be able to record and transcribe the calls for effective analysis, amongst many others. Another challenge to the outcome of the research is the response rate of the questionnaire. I do not have any control over the research subjects, but I expect that my contact will do everything possible to ensure that as many people as possible complete and return to him. But I am not able to directly influence this, as I am unable to travel to Nigeria because of cost factor. I cannot therefore guarantee that I would have the required number of respondents for the research. Researchers have complained about delayed progress of researches because of dependence on others for information (Saunders et al, 2003: 92). One major challenge envisaged is the ability to effectively manage my time to ensure the completion of my research within the specified time. This is borne of the fact that, as mentioned above, I am not physically present to be able to have any control over my research subjects. Hence, my analysis will be delayed until I have completely received the completed questionnaires from my contact. Considering the fact that most people in Nigeria have access to the Internet only during office hours and I plan to be in touch with my contact daily until I have received at least 10 completed questionnaires to proceed with my analysis. This may also be a challenge as the cost of making phone calls daily will be quite high and I may not be able to afford this. I will however, use the cheapest means of achieving this to ensure that I keep the line of communication open with my contact. The next chapter will present the research questionnaire and an analysis of the data collected from it. The analysis will be done using graphs, as this is the cheapest means of conducting the analysis to achieve desired results. [I would put the questionnaire itself in an Appendix] CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 DATA ANALYSIS This chapter deals with the analysis from the 10 questionnaires administered and presentation of data in chart as regard the research work. The questions were design to accomplish the research question and objectives of the research work, that is to explore employee remuneration on organisational productivity . A total number of Ten (50) questionnaires and into Three (3) different sections all in tables were distributed. The findings are design to evaluate the responses about, exploring employee remuneration on organisational productivity. References Amstrong, M. (2002), Employee Reward, 3rd edition., Great Britain: CIPD. Gallagher, W. E. and Einhorn, H. J. (1976), Motivation theory and job design, The Journal of Business,Vol. 49, No. 3, p.358-373 Huang, X. and Van de Vliert, E. (2003), Where intrinsic job satisfaction fails to work: national moderators of intrinsic motivation, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 24, p.159-179. Maxwell, J. R. et al (2008), Work system design to improve the economic performance of the firm, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 14 No. 3, p.432-446. Sarin, A. (2009), Corporate Strategic Motivation: Evolution Continues-Henry. A. Murrays Manifest Needs to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to Anil Sarins Contributory Theory of Existence, The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, Vol. 14 No. 2, p.237-244. Saunders et al, (2003), Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd edn, Essex: Prentice Hall. Umstot, D. D. et al (1978), Goal Setting and Job Enrichment: An Integrated Approach to Job Design, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 3, No. 4, p.867- Gary Dessller (2008) Human Resources Management. edition. 11th Edition. Pearson Education International. England Stephen P.Robbison David A. Decenzo (2005) Fundamental of Management. Essential concept Application, 5th edition. Person education international. Baron A Armstrong M. (2007) Human capital management, Achieving Added value through people. Kogan page limited. Reilly P Williams T (2006). Strategic HR, Building the capital to deliver. Gower publishing limited. England. Julie Beardwell Tim Claydon (2007) Human Resources Management, A contemporary Approach. 5th edition. Pearson Education International. England. Noe Hollenbeck Gerhart Wright (2003) Human Resource Management, Gaining a competitive advantage. 4th edition. McGraw- Hill Higher Education

Edgar Allan Poe - 721 Words

Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allen Poe, born is 1809, was an American short story writer, poet, and critic. He is commonly know as the father of detective stories. His most well know work of art is his poem The Raven (Werlock). Although Poe had a short lived career, his literature continues to influence many writers in the United States and Europe. He worked with many genres such as: gothic tale, science fiction, occult fantasies, and satire. While many critics consider his works of literature as grotesque, others consider his as the most influential author of modern fiction. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts to David Poe, Jr., and Elizabeth Arnold, both actors. Poe was orphaned at the age of two and was raised by his uncle, John Allan, in Richmond, Virginia. He was raised to be an educated southern gentleman. In 1931 Poe moved in with his aunt, Maria Clemm, in Baltimore. Poe got his first job as an editor on the Southern Literary Messenger after he won a short-story contes t sponsored by the magazine. While editing for the magazine he began to gain publicity of his stories from the audience. After a two-year tenure as an editor for the Southern Literary Messenger, Poe married his cousin, Virginia Clemm, and moved to Philadelphia. After moving he was able to publish some of his best-know works - The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, Ligeia, The Fall of the House of Usher, and William Wilson (Edgar Allan Poe). In 1843, Poe wrote The Murders in the RueShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe792 Words   |  4 Pagesauthor, Edgar Allan Poe, on Sunday October 7, 1849. In Massachusetts on the 19th day of January in the year 1809, Edgar Poe was born to actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe and actor David Poe Junior, making him an older brother to Rosalie Poe, and a younger one to William Henry Leonard Poe. Poe may, perchance, have been named after a character in the play that his parents were performing that year. He was never formally adopted, however, Edgar Poe was renamed Edgar Allan Poe when the John Allan familyRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe1245 Words   |  5 Pagesbe discussing about my poet Edgar Allan Poe. Poe had written numerous of poems and stories but the one I chose was â€Å"Annabel Lee†. This poem was written in 1849 which was a long time ago. Even though this poem is centuries old, it is still a well known poem. This whole project includes a biography, literary movement, and a explication about the poem. The biography includes where Poe grew up and how his lifestyle were. Through research and sources, I found out that Poe lived a hard life. He was inRead MoreThe Rise Of Poe By Edgar Allan Poe1635 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rise of Poe The words people use and how they use them holds so much power within themselves. It seems that, people are always searching for the right words to express their true emotions towards a certain subject. Artists and authors manage to make a living off of knowing how to use the right words to reach through to their platform. Though within his time, Edgar Allan Poe did not have an established platform and was seen as estranged; he still dabbled as an author and has made many famous shortRead More Edgar Allan Poe Essay515 Words   |  3 Pages Edgar Allan Poe nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Edgar Allan Poe, the first master of the short story, had written many short stories from mysteries to morbidity. Edgar was born on January 19,1809 in Boston, Massachussettes. Edgars Parents, David and Eliza, were both in the acting business. Poe also had a sister, who is rarely spoken of. When Edgar was young his father fleed from the family, leaving Edgar, his mother, and sister alone. At the age of two Edgars mother died of tuberculosis. Edgar wasRead MoreDeath By Edgar Allan Poe975 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the topic, and the fear of not knowing this leads it to be a taboo subject in many discussions. Edgar Allan Poe defied this sense of taboo and wrote many works centering on the topic of death. It is Edgar Allan Poe’s discussion of death in his works that reveals the innate human perversion of the discussion of death. The reason for his discussion of death may find roots in his personal life. Poe was born into a traveling family in 1809 and had two other siblings. His parents tragically lost theirRead MoreThe Biography Of Edgar Allan Poe841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Biography of Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Lord, help my poor soul†, the last and final words of the amazing writer, Edgar Allan Poe, before his sudden death in 1849. Edgar Allan Poe wrote dark and treacherous stories and poems that often lead to the questioning of his mental state. Poe lived a rather difficult life in which writing was his escape. He at one time was in so much debt that he could have never payed it back even if his career took off. No one ever knew what had happened to Poe, only that heRead More Edgar Allan Poe Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pages Edgar Allen Poe Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allen Poe’s contributions to American literature have become increasingly more prominent as the years have passed. As short fiction has become a more accepted genre in literary circles, Poe’s theories are studied with more passion. Although he lived a rather melancholy life, Poe did experience moments of joy, and desired to capture the beauty through poetic form. Indeed, what he left behind for the literary world was his gifted genus, revealed throughRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was a bizarre and often scary writer. People throughout history have often wondered why his writings were so fantastically different and unusual. They were not the result of a diseased mind, as some think. Rather they came from a tense and miserable life. Edgar Allan Poe was not a happy man. He was a victim of fate from the moment he was born to his death only forty years later. He died alone and unappreciated. It is quite obvious that his life affected hisRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Essay812 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was one of Americas famous poets, fiction short-story writers, and literary critics. He is known as the first master of short story form especially in tales of horror, and mystery. The work he produced was considered to be some of the most influential literary criticism of his time. His poems made him one of the most famous figures in American literary history. His influence on literature is seen in all literature books in schools everywhere. Some of his famousRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe849 Words   |  4 PagesThe death of a loved one leaves a void in a person. The narrator of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe experiences this void after the loss of his love Lenore. The narrator is isolated from the world until a raven appears before him. The events and dialogue that follow are what makes The Raven such a legendary piece of literature. The gothic poem The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is an example of repetition and shift. With the help of repetition and shift, Poe’s use of diction gives the reader clarity to the

Molecular Cell Biology A Review

Question: Discuss about the Article for Molecular Cell Biology for A Review. Answer: Review 1 The diagrammatic explanation of role played by Nitric oxide and cGMPA in muscle activation worked well in this presentation. I liked the way the whole mechanism was presented by stating all the mechanism step by step and systematically. I think the topic was well organized starting from the discovery of nitric oxide by three different scientists independently with the famous Furschgott Sandwich Experiment and then moving to explaining the main mechanism behind muscle relaxation. It clearly states how each scientist contributed to the understanding of its role. I learned the relation between NO and cGMP and how its activation leads to muscle reaction. However I would like to know more about each role of Calcium ions as this part was missing in the presentation. The physiological role and effect on each system were clearly stated in the presentation starting from L-arginine to formation cGMP and then its role in the phosphorylation of protein kinase G. I wished the writer could have pr esented a more clear illustrative diagram in the slide for endothelial role. Nitric Oxide synthase can target protein in proximity due to the phosphorylation of protein kinase G[1]. Myosin phosphatase plays the role in smooth muscle relaxation and it also explained another role like platelet inhibition and change in gene expression[2]. However, the presentation did not drift away from its purpose and concentrated mainly on an endothelial function related to NO. The biological mechanism of NO and cGMP was explained effectively in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Reporting future research about NO was also a good way to end the presentations, however I would like to have more clarification regarding role of Yervoy as NSAID drugs. Positive comment: I got a good idea about different isoforms of Nitric Oxide synthase and their various roles in the body. Critical comment: Mechanism of muscle relaxation was effectively stated however the role of Calcium ions in the pathway was left behind. Question: Several studies have shown that there is a controversy regarding the lack of relaxation of uterine muscles to NO and cGMP. So what could be the reason behind it? Review 2 The promising role of monoclonal antibody therapy in targeting immune cells particularly tumor cells and treat advanced melanoma was well-explained in this slide presentation. I liked beginning of the presentation smartly starting with teaching cancer immunology as this will the basis to proceed further and gives detailed information. The role of the immune system is essential as Immunotherapy trains the immune systems to fight disease by boosting immune systems or train it to attack cancer cells specifically[3]. The limitation of the immune system was rightly stated as sometimes it fails to recognize cancer cells. Even it can recognize the cells, but the response is not strong enough to destroy cancerous cells. It states that T cell is the primary target of immunotherapy. As tumor cell has a mechanism to evade immune response, I was impressed with the information about the action regarding overcoming immune escape mechanism. I wished if the presentation had more citations related to specific information. It then brought to the forefront, CTLA4, a member of immunoglobulin superfamily expressed by T-cells and transmits inhibitory signals to T-cells. The mechanism of turning off of serotoxic reaction and survival of cancer cells given at the same time it also explained the role of humanized monoclonal antibody in targeting the antigen cells. Positive comment: The Lpilimumab survival map was well organized which demonstrated the survival rate in a precise way. I liked the development phase of Yervoy or Lpilimubab as it explained every phase of its development and complications[4]. Critical comment: The reasons for approval of Yervoy drug were good, but there is doubt regarding the continuing of therapy after response seen in some blood cancer patients. Question: I would like clarification regarding whether immunotherapy is a long-lasting solution to treat cancer? Reference Dippold, Rachael P., and Steven A. Fisher. "Myosin phosphatase isoforms as determinants of smooth muscle contractile function and calcium sensitivity of force production."Microcirculation21.3 (2014): 239-248 Frstermann, Ulrich, and William C. Sessa. "Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function."European heart journal33.7 (2012): 829-837 Maio, Michele, et al. "Five-year survival rates for treatment-naive patients with advanced melanoma who received ipilimumab plus dacarbazine in a phase III trial."Journal of Clinical Oncology(2015): JCO-2014 Pizzola, Christopher, S. M. Rizvi, and M. Joshi. "Evolving Role of Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer."Current molecular pharmacology(2015). [1] Frstermann, Ulrich, and William C. Sessa. "Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function."European heart journal33.7 (2012): 829-837 [2] Dippold, Rachael P., and Steven A. Fisher. "Myosin phosphatase isoforms as determinants of smooth muscle contractile function and calcium sensitivity of force production."Microcirculation21.3 (2014): 239-248 [3] Pizzola, Christopher, S. M. Rizvi, and M. Joshi. "Evolving Role of Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer."Current molecular pharmacology(2015). [4] Maio, Michele, et al. "Five-year survival rates for treatment-naive patients with advanced melanoma who received ipilimumab plus dacarbazine in a phase III trial."Journal of Clinical Oncology(2015): JCO-2014

Political Correctness Essays (437 words) - Censorship, Connotation

Political Correctness Political Correctness Political correctness isn't always a positive thing. People that are older should have the right to a freedom of speech. They should be able to say words to express their emotions. They have a better judgment to know how and when to use curse words. Curse words are used everywhere. They are used on television, movies, and in the public. Why be political correct when you can't express something that you need to say to someone. The older a person is, the more mature they will become from more experiences they get in life. By being mature they have a better judgment on how to use the words that come out of their mouths. They know when to use curse words and when it's appropriate to use it. They use the words when they feel stonger on their about their feelings and thoughts towards something and they express it better by using profanity. They also use profanity when it is necessary and when they have to get their point across. The Constitution quotes that all people have their freedom of speech. With this amendment people don't need to be politically correct and not deny them to their freedom of speech. People have the right to either be politically correct or not to be politically correct. People also should have a choice on whether if they want to use curse words or not. They shouldn't have a limited vocabulary. It will be unconstitutional if we didn't let people say what they want and we should not withhold any kind of language from anyone. Profanity is found and heard in everyday life. It is used in speeches, television shows, movies, schools, and in almost all places. In schools kids start using profanity as early as in elementary school. Television shows such as ?Simpsons?, ?Beavis and Butthead?, ?South Park?, ?Melrose Place?, ?Beverly Hills 90210?, all profanity in them. If it is used in television shows then why can't people be able to also use it throughout everyday life. It is also used in all PG-13 and R rated movies. Political correctness shouldn't be a big issue and people that are older should have the right to express their feelings verbally in all possible ways. If we are restricted on what we say then are we also going to be restricted on other things. Will they start restricting us on our gestures, how we dress, and what we are thinking? If we are restricted on things then it inhibits our life style. Political is a standard that restricts the use of our mind and our speech. English Essays

The Story of Jessie Redmon Fauset

The Story of Jessie Redmon Fauset Jessie Redmon Fauset was born the seventh child of Annie Seamon Fauset and Redmon Fauset, a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal church. Jessie Fauset graduated from the High School for Girls in Philadelphia, the only African American student there. She applied to Bryn Mawr, but that school instead of admitting her helped her to enroll at Cornell University, where she may have been the first black woman student. She graduated from Cornell in 1905, with a Phi Beta Kappa honor. Early Career She taught Latin and French for one year at Douglass High School in Baltimore and then taught, until 1919, in Washington, DC, at what became, after 1916, Dunbar High School. While teaching, she earned her M.A. in French from the University of Pennsylvania.  She also began to contribute writings to Crisis, the magazine of the NAACP. She later received a degree from the Sorbonne. Literary Editor of the Crisis Fauset served as literary editor of the  Crisis from 1919 to 1926. For this job, she moved to New York City. She worked with W.E.B. DuBois, both at the magazine and in his work with the Pan African Movement. She also traveled and lectured extensively, including overseas, during her tenure with the  Crisis.  Her apartment in Harlem, where she lived with her sister, became a gathering place for the circle of intellectuals and artists associated with Crisis. Jessie Fauset wrote many of the articles, stories, and poems in the  Crisis  herself, and also promoted such writers as Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, and Jean Toomer. Her role in discovering, promoting, and giving a platform to African American writers helped to create an authentic black voice in American literature. From 1920 to 1921, Fauset published  The Brownies Book, a periodical for African American children. Her 1925 essay, â€Å"The Gift of Laughter,† is a classic literary piece, analyzing how American drama used black characters in roles as comics. Writing Novels She and other women writers were inspired to publish novels about experiences like their own when a white male novelist, T.S. Stribling, published Birthright in 1922, a fictional account of an educated mixed-race woman. Jessie Faucet published four novels, the most of any writer during the Harlem Renaissance:  There Is Confusion  (1924),  Plum Bun  (1929),  The Chinaberry Tree  (1931), and  Comedy: American Style  (1933).  Each of these focuses on black professionals and their families, facing American racism and living their rather non-stereotypical lives. After theCrisis When she left the  Crisis in 1926, Jessie Fauset attempted to find another position in publishing but found that racial prejudice was too great a barrier. She taught French in New York City, at DeWitt Clinton High School from 1927 to 1944, continuing to write and publish her novels. In 1929, Jessie Fauset married an insurance broker and World War I veteran, Herbert Harris. They lived with Fausets sister in Harlem until 1936 and moved to New Jersey in the 1940s. In 1949, she briefly served as a visiting professor at Hampton Institute and taught for a short time at Tuskegee Institute. After Harris died in 1958, Jessie Fauset moved to her half-brothers home in Philadelphia where she died in 1961. Literary Legacy Jessie Redmon Fausets writings were revived and republished in the 1960s and 1970s, though some preferred writings about African Americans in poverty rather than Fauset’s depictions of an elite.  By the 1980s and 1990s, feminists had refocused attention on Fauset’s writings. A 1945 painting of Jessie Redmon Fauset, painted by Laura Wheeler Waring, hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Background, Family: Mother: Annie Seamon Fauset Father: Redmon Fauset Siblings: six older siblings Education: High School for Girls in PhiladelphiaCornell UniversityUniversity of Pennsylvania (French)Sorbonne in Paris Marriage, Children: Husband: Herbert Harris (married 1929; insurance broker)

Historical Profile of the Roman Republic

Historical Profile of the Roman Republic Rome was once just a little hilly city, but soon its capable fighters  and engineers took over the surrounding countryside, then the boot of Italy,  then the area around the Mediterranean Sea, and finally, even further, extending into Asia, Europe, and Africa. These Romans  lived in the Roman Republic   a  time period and a system of government.   The Meaning of Republic: The word republic comes from the Latin words for thing and of the people The res publica or respublica referred to the public property or the common weal, as the online Lewis and Short Latin dictionary defines it, but it could also mean the administration. Thus, the term republic as first employed as a description of Roman government had less baggage than it carries today. Do you see the connection between democracy and republic? The word democracy comes from Greek [demos the people; kratos strength/rule] and means rule of or by the people. The Rise of Democracy The Roman Republic Begins: The Romans, who were already fed up with their Etruscan kings, were spurred to action after a member of the royal family raped a patrician matron named Lucretia. The Roman people expelled their kings, driving them from Rome. Even the name of king (rex) had become hateful, a fact that becomes significant when the emperors took control as (but resisted the title of) king. Following the last of the kings, the Romans did what they were always good at copying what they saw around them and adapting it into a form that worked better. That form is what we call the Roman Republic, which endured for 5 centuries, beginning in the year 509 B.C., according to tradition. Tarquin, the Last King of RomeBrutus, Lucius Junius BrutusRape of LucretiaFamous Men of Rome The Government of the Roman Republic: 3 Branches of GovernmentHaving witnessed the problems of the monarchy on their own land, and aristocracy and democracy among the Greeks, when the Romans started the Republic, they opted for a mixed form of government, with 3 branches: consuls, senate, and an assembly of the people. Cursus HonorumAristocratic men were expected to follow a certain series of life events, from the military to the political. In the political sphere, you couldnt just decide you want to be consul and apply for the position. You had to be elected to other lesser offices first. Learn about of the magisterial offices and order in which they must be held. ComitiaAssemblies were an aspect of democratic government. There was an assembly of the centuries and an assembly of the tribes.ConsulsAt the top of the political ladder at least of the political offices were imperium (power), since there wee also censors who lacked imperium were the consuls (occasionally, dictators), two of which served for a period of a y ear. Consult this list of consuls for those pairs of men who held office during the period of the collapse of the Republic. Censors of the Roman RepublicCensors didnt rate movies in ancient Rome but did conduct the census. Here is a list of the censors of Rome during the Republican period. Periods of the Roman Republic: The Roman Republic followed the legendary period of kings, although history dosed heavily with legends continued into the period of the Roman Republic, with a more historical era only beginning after the Gauls sacked Rome [see the Battle of the Allia c. 387 B.C.]. The period of the Roman Republic may be further subdivided into: an early period, when Rome was expanding to the start of the Punic Wars (to c. 261 B.C.),a second period from the Punic Wars until the Gracchi and civil war (to 134) during which Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean, anda third period, from the Gracchi to the fall of the Republic (to 30 B.C.). Timeline for the End of the Roman Republic The Growth of the Roman Republic: Wars of the Roman RepublicRome emerged only gradually as the leader of Italy and then the Mediterranean. Starting in the legendary period under the kings, Rome had joined forces with Sabines (as in the rape of the Sabine women) and Etruscans (who ruled as kings of the Romans). During the Roman Republic, Rome formed treaties with neighboring villages and city-states to allow them to join forces either defensively or aggressively. Roman Treaties of the Roman RepublicDuring Romes early period of expansion, from the fall of the monarchy in 510 B.C. until the mid-third century, she gradually spread her dominion over the peninsula of Italy, making treaties with all the states she conquered. The Growth of RomeRome started gaining strength from about 510 B.C., when the Romans threw out their last king, until the middle of the 3rd century B.C. During this, the early Republican period, Rome made and broke strategic treaties with neighboring groups in order to help her conquer other city-state s. Expansion of Rome Beyond ItalyRome didnt initially set up to conquer the world, but it gradually did so, anyway. A side effect of its empire-building was the reduction of Republican Romes democratic policies. The End of the Roman Republic: Books on the Late Republic / Roman RevolutionSometimes it seems as though there is too much material on Rome around the time of Julius Caesar. Theres a reason for this many first-hand accounts a rarity in ancient history. The authors of the following books distil the Latin primary sources to present authoritative pictures of the Roman Republic when it was the dominant world power abroad but in revolt or chaos closer to home. Articles on the End of the Roman RepublicLook at the Gracchi brothers, the conflict between Sulla and Marius, external forces like Mithradates of Pontus and pirates, the social war, and other factors that strained the Roman republic and led to the formation of the first period of the Roman Empire, the Principate.

Identify the methods organizations employ to improve productivity and Essay

Identify the methods organizations employ to improve productivity and quality - Essay Example After extensive research, the researcher found that multiple lapses in service delivery were the root causes of the long queues especially at the cafeteria. Some of the causes include: The number of students getting into college every year has gone beyond the recommended capacity. This large number puts pressure of the available college resources. For example, the long queues at the cafeteria are partly contributed by the little serving space and few catering team who often struggle to serve a large number of students every meal time. In an effort to combat this nuisance, the college administration needs to extend the size of the serving halls and increase the catering team to match the large number of students who join the college every year. If this solution is not possible then they can control the number of admissions so as to ensure that those enrolled get the best services possible. Bearing in mind the large entrance of students into college every year, the current manual system of serving has proved impractical and tedious for the catering team International (Labor Office., & International Labor Conference, 2008). The college administrators ought to change this system by coming up with a method that will cater for the needs of all students. For instance, they could adopt self-service or table system which will by far minimize the long queues at the cafeteria. Apart from scrubbing the manual system of serving, the payment process also used contributes to long queues at the cafeteria (Griffin, 2007). Currently, payments are done at the entrance just before the serving points. The present system causes interruptions forcing students to line up in order to receive services. This can be corrected by completely separating the payment point from the cafeteria. In addition, the college administrators could adopt the electronic payment system where students can pay for meals by means of electronic meal cards. In response to this initiative, the college could

Personal Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personal Development - Essay Example This feeling of helplessness can further exacerbate their physical symptoms if it is not adequately dealt with. The ministrations of an empathetic and considerate nurse can put the patient at ease so that he or she does not feel too vulnerable. In this medical facility, the nurses were also responsible for administering medications to patients and monitoring blood sugar in the case of diabetic patients. I made the decision to prioritise my work in the morning in order to make as efficient a schedule as was possible for each day. Having reflected on the needs of each patient, I would then arrange them according to the cases of most importance before doing the rounds. Reflecting allowed me to be able to closely study the symptoms exhibited by each of my patients, thus allowing me to come up with the best ways of assisting their recoveries. For instance, I would accord more time for an anxious or discouraged patient in order to be able to speak more with them about their interests and f amily. This would help the patient to feel appreciated and less alienated. There are different theories on the importance of reflection and its basic benefits in a healthcare setting. Donald Schon believed that all reflective practices can be divided into reflection on action and reflection in action (Johns, 2011). Reflection on action basically describes the process of reconsidering an event that already took place while reflection in action is more concerned with processing an event even as it takes place (Redmond, 2006). In my first week of placement, reflection-on-action allowed me to be able to recount the actions of other nurses whom I had accompanied on rounds in order to... This paper approves that the nurse will be able to view his or her activities as part of the overall long-term goals. The nurse grows more confident in her or his own abilities to determine an illness without necessarily consulting medical texts. In stage four, the nurse will be more open to considering the symptoms of an illness as the parts of a whole. The nurse improves in terms of decision making and is more interested in engaging in patient-centred care. In the fifth stage, which is the last stage, the nurse uses past experiences to determine different illnesses of patients and does not rely on texts in determining different illnesses. At this stage, the nurse can also easily incorporate the latest medical procedures into patient treatment in order to produce the best outcomes and assist recovery. This paper makes a conclusion that reflecting on a regular basis will not only improve the quality of services extended to patients, but will also facilitate the personal development of individual nurses. Reflection can be conducted through official channels, such as supervised conferences that allow nurses to express their concerns without fear of censure, or in less formal circumstances like team huddles for ‘decompression’- which was something that was soon to be started where I was serving as a student nurse. While developing a nurse’s ability to confront daily challenges, reflection also seeks to make sure that nurses remain caring towards their patients, and perceptive of their particular needs.

The Los Angeles Basin Pollution Problems Essay Example for Free

The Los Angeles Basin Pollution Problems Essay Final draft The significant air pollution problem in the Los Angeles Basin has been one of the most severe environmental issues that concerned the society. Due to the American tradition, public transportations are not so commonly used; therefore, a majority of the individuals owned a car. The most commonly used transportation is the convenient motor vehicles that are driven everywhere. With the high volume of traffic daily, the tremendous amount of air pollution that is produced by highly-polluted vehicles are growing at an exponential rate Although the government has been putting a massive amount of work into preventing additional air pollution from being continuously produced and also trying to wipe out the polluted air that already existed, it is still the most challenging environmental issue in America. Statistically proven that â€Å"in Southern California, episodic outdoor levels of ozone (O3), particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) historically have been among the highest in the United States, and they continue to exceed federal and state clean air guidelines.† (Kà ¼nzli et al., 2003, p.1) CAUSE Historically, * â€Å"The first recognized episodes of smog in Los Angeles occurred in the summer of 1943. Visibility was limited to only three blocks and residents suffered from smarting eyes, respiratory discomfort, nausea, and vomiting†¦ Smog events continued to plague Los Angeles throughout the 1940s.† â€Å"The City of Los Angeles began its air pollution control program in 1945, establishing the Bureau of Smoke Control in its health department. On June 10, 1947.† â€Å"During the 1940s and 1950s, air pollution control focused on obvious sources, such as backyard burning and incinerators, open burning at garbage dumps, and smoke emissions from factories. During the 1950s and 1960s, local air quality officials implemented the use of vapor recovery equipment for the bulk transfer of gasoline, regulated petroleum-based solvents, and required permits for rendering plants that processed animal waste. Starting in 1970, the federal government phased out lead in gasoline. In 1975, the first oxidizing catalytic converters to reduce CO and hydrocarbon tailpipe emissions came into use as part of CARB’s Motor Vehicle Emission Control Program.† (2007, pp. 276-278)

Superheros and Engendering Differences :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being able to fly, to defeat all the villains of the world, and having supernatural power are just some of the supernatural characteristics of a superhero. However, these characteristics are the personification of what society would indicate to be the perfect man; or, depending on what superhero, a woman. I grew up admiring and idolizing Superman. From wearing his underwear to owning every one of his videos, I yearned to become Superman. This, however, was obviously impossible. Superman can fly, create a laser beam from his eyes, and he can lift the heaviest of objects. Thus, not being a totally clueless kid, it was the ideals of being a man, that superman possessed, that I tried to copy: having incredible strength, being flagrantly courageous, and being heroic. This, through my admiration of Superman, is what I thought a man should be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some would say that aggressive male behavior is innate; however, it also has to do with the glamorously powerful superheroes that act as role models to males as they are growing up. Superman?s incredible strength has led him to victory over even the biggest and strongest of enemies. Watching him, I thought I could prove my strength by defeating other kids. This did not mean that I went and tried to beat everyone up. Instead, I tried to be better than others at everything. I would try to hang on the monkey bars the longest, be the person who got picked first for any sport, and wrestle anyone to submission. Although my behavior sometimes got to aggressive, and got me in trouble, it always seemed to make me feel like more of a man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Superhero?s also possessed that perfect body that went along with being powerful. They would have perfect biceps, gigantic pecks, and six-pack abs. Although body image is more of an issue with teenagers and adult, this does have an effect on kids. The role models, that kids are introduced to, almost always have a perfect body. Superman, undoubtedly, had a perfect male body: lots of muscle and no fat. In fact, I cannot remember a superhero, male or female, that did not have a perfect body when I was a kid. It is from these images that teach kids, from the beginning, that being fat and weak is ugly. This translated into the ?ugly? kids being made fun of. I, too, fell into the trap of mocking others, who were not perfect, when I was a kid.

A social construction Essay

As a social construction, ethnicity is defined as a group individual having a common identifying heritage (Yinger, 1994). The common heritage may comprise of a unifying language, cultural values, norms, and beliefs, and a common ancestry. This has the implication that people belonging to a given ethnic group identify from others with eminent distinctive characteristics, an element which ensure their recognition in the larger human community. Owing to the common heritage that defines an ethnic group, ethnicity encompasses other communal aspects such as political, social, and economic interests, territorial ownership, and similar behavioral patterns. The global community has witnessed numerous incidences of ethnic hostilities over the past few decades. Among this is the 2007 post-election violence which saw hundreds of Kenyans killed and thousands of others fleeing their homes to refuge camps within and outside the country (BBC, 2007). According to available information, the conflict was mainly a fight for land possession in the rift valley region between the Kalenjin and Kikuyu ethnic groups (BBC, 2007). In the American nation, ethnic hostilities are quite common. This can be evident from statistical evident from a 2000 research which indicated that most citizens of Asian origin are mainly engaged in small business established. Such have been closely attributed to the high levels of labor market discrimination practices against these members of the community. In addition, since after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, racial profiling and discrimination against individuals of Islamic origin have been on the hike. This has been due to the perceptions associating Muslim with terrorism activities. Lastly, ethnic hostility can be evident in the school population trends in the US. Records indicate that as at 2003 estimated 87% of enrollments in public-schools in Chicago where from the black community compared to less than 10% from the white population.

Plato-Machiavelli Comparison

Danielle Butler October 16, 2011 English 101/ O. C #2-Machiavelli Though often presented as two ideological opposites, personally I find there to be a lot more similarities between Plato and Machiavelli than usually acknowledged. Obviously there are some sharp contrasts. If one examines the excerpts from Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince† and Plato’s â€Å"The Republic†, it’s easy to conclude that Plato believed it to be essential for a government leader to be just, good, and free from corruption. Whereas Machiavelli’s ideal ruler is less concerned about morality, and more about shrewdness, awareness, and pragmatism.. That being said, ultimately both men arrive to the same conclusion all be it through different means; that a ruler’s primary objective is to create and maintain a unified, orderly, and controlled state, with a content population. When it comes to humanity, Machiavelli is considered pessimistic, due to his less than glowing expectations for the nature of man, as he clearly states â€Å" For one can generally say this about men: that they are ungrateful, fickle, simulators and deceivers, avoiders of danger, greedy for gain.. † (46). While Machiavelli’s opinion of men in general leaves little to be questioned, I find Plato’s generalized idealism to be far more dubious. In the Republic, it appears that Plato’s optimisms about human nature, and capability does not extend to everyone, asserting that many people are better off being ruled by â€Å"better men†. In book 9 Socrate’s states to Glaucon â€Å"Tharsymacus did in the case of subjects, that the slave should be governed by his own harm, but on the ground that it is better to be governed by the divine and the intelligent preferably indwelling and his own, but in default of that imposed from without, in order that we all so far as possible may be akin and friendly because our governance and guidance are the same? † (Plat. Rep. 9. 590d) Both Machiavelli and Plato also recognize that generally, most people of the populace are easily manipulated by their senses. Plato illustrates that in his â€Å"allegory of the cave†. Machiavelli makes it clear that he feels this shortcoming to be advantageous for the â€Å"prince†, and it should be exploited when need be, as he states â€Å" he (the prince) should appear, upon seeing him and hearing him, to be all mercy, all faithfulness , all integrity, all kindness, all religion. And there is nothing more necessary than to seem to possess this last quality. And men in general judge more by their eyes than their hands; for everyone can see but few can feel. † (49). While many may chide Machiavelli’s approach as disingenuous and manipulative, which it plainly is, how much does this tactic differ from Plato’s suggestions? In the Republic, Plato suggests that society must be persuaded by a â€Å"noble lie† to unify the citizens and deepen their allegiance to their community as Socrates states â€Å"How, then, said I, â€Å"might we contrive  one of those opportune falsehoods  of which we were just now speaking, â€Å"so as by one noble lie to persuade if possible the rulers themselves, but failing that the rest of the city? â€Å"What kind of a fiction do you mean? † said he. â€Å"Nothing unprecedented,† said I, â€Å"but a sort of Phoenician tale,something that has happened ere now in many parts of the world, as the poets aver and have induced men to believe, but that has not happened and perhaps would not be likely to happen in our day  and demanding no little persuasion to make it believable. †

Way down east essays

Way down east essays D.W. Griffiths great film, Way Down East, is a silent melodramatic film with many different stories within one great plot. The movie opens with a mother and a daughter sitting at their quiet countryside house laughing and talking. The daughter is Anna Moore, the main character of the film, who must leave to see her cousins in the city. The movie tells of her travels from her cousins house in the city to almost losing her life on the icy river running away from her past. In the first scene of the movie, Anna is seen with shorter, darker hair that is almost always pulled up. By the end of the movie, she has lighter and longer hair that is almost always down and waving around. I found this symbolic because it seems as if she becomes happier but more aged by the end of the film because she has been through so many experiences trying to run away from her past and make a better future for herself. She has had so many people in her life that have caused her to run away or hide. Some of these people are her husband Lennox Sanderson, who lied to her about their marriage; they were never married in the first place. When Anna had Sandersons baby, Maria Poole, the lady that was there during the delivery, was ashamed of Anna and spread the word that she was an unmarried mother, just before Annas baby passed away. Martha Perkins is another character that likes to spread gossip about people. She heard from Maria Poole that Anna was an unmarried mother a nd told Annas boss on the homestead so she would have to leave and start a whole new life. There seems to be the theme of people rooting for Anna to fail throughout the movie. While the movie was pretty self-explanatory in the basic events of the characters, it was sometimes hard to follow without conversation between the people in the film and all of the music in the background. The scenes move very quickly and it was sometim ...

How Teachers Can Create a Great Lesson Students Love

How Teachers Can Create a Great Lesson Students Love The best teachers can captivate their students’ attention day in and day out. Their students not only enjoy being in their class, but they look forward to the next day’s lesson because they want to see what is going to happen. Creating a great lesson together takes a lot of creativity, time, and effort. It is something that is well thought out with lots of planning. Though each lesson is unique, they all have similar components that make them exceptional. Every teacher has the ability to create engaging lessons that will mesmerize their students and keep them wanting to come back for more. A great lesson engages every student, ensures that every student is meeting the learning objectives, and motivates even the most reluctant learner. Characteristics of a Great Lesson A great lesson...is well planned. Planning starts with a simple idea and then slowly evolves into a tremendous lesson that will resonate with every student. A terrific plan ensures that all materials are ready to go before the lesson begins, is anticipatory of potential issues or problems, and takes advantage of opportunities to extend the lesson beyond its core concepts. Planning a great lesson takes time and effort. Careful planning gives each lesson a better chance to be a hit, to captivate each student, and to provide your students with meaningful learning opportunities. A great lesson†¦grabs students’ attention. The first few minutes of a lesson may be the most critical. Students will quickly decide whether or not they should devote their full attention to what is being taught. Every lesson should have a â€Å"hook† or â€Å"attention grabber† built into the first five minutes of the lesson. Attention grabbers come in many forms including demonstrations, skits, videos, jokes, songs, etc. Be willing to embarrass yourself a little bit if it will motivate your students to learn. Ultimately, you want to create an entire lesson that is memorable, but failing to grab their attention early on will likely keep that from happening. A great lesson†¦maintains students’ attention. Lessons should be outrageous and unpredictable throughout captivating each student’s attention. They should be fast-paced, loaded with quality content, and engaging. Time in class should fly by so quickly that you hear students grumbling when the class period is over each day. You should never see students drifting off to sleep, engaged in conversation about other topics, or expressing general disinterest in a lesson. As the teacher, your approach to every lesson must be passionate and enthusiastic. You must be willing to be a salesman, comedian, content expert, and magician all rolled into one. A great lesson†¦builds on previously learned concepts. There is a flow from one standard to the next. The teacher ties previously learned concepts into each lesson. This shows the students that various concepts are meaningful and connected. It is a natural progression of old into new. Each lesson increases in rigor and difficulty without losing students along the way. Each new lesson should be focused on extending learning from the previous day. By the end of the year, students should be able to make connections quickly as to how your first lesson ties into your last lesson. A great lesson  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is content driven. It has to have a connected purpose, meaning that all aspects of the lesson are built around critical concepts that students at a particular age should be learning. Content is typically driven by standards such as the Common Core State Standards that serve as a guide for what students are supposed to learn in each grade. A lesson that does not have relevant, meaningful content at its core is senseless and a waste of time. Effective teachers are able to build upon the content from lesson to lesson continuously throughout the year. They take a simple concept early on continuing to build upon it until it becomes something complex yet understood by their students because of the process. A great lesson†¦ establishes real-life connections. Everyone loves a good story. The best teachers are those who can incorporate vivid stories that tie in key concepts within the lesson helping students to make connections to real life. New concepts are typically abstract to students of any age. They rarely see how it is applicable to real life. A great story can make these real-life connections and often helps students remember concepts because they remember the story. Some subjects are easier to make these connections than others, but a creative teacher can find an interesting backstory to share on just about any concept. A great lesson†¦provides students with active learning opportunities. A majority of students are kinesthetic learners. They simply learn best when they are actively engaged in hands-on learning activities. Active learning is fun. Students not only have fun through hands-on learning, they often retain more information from this process. Students do not have to be active throughout an entire lesson, but having active components mixed in sporadically at appropriate times throughout the lesson will keep them interested and engaged. A great lesson†¦Ã¢â‚¬â€¹builds critical thinking skills. Students must develop problem-solving and critical thinking skills at an early age. If these skills are not developed early on, they will be almost impossible to acquire later on. Older students who have not been taught this skill may become discouraged and frustrated. Students must be taught to extend their answers beyond the ability to provide the correct answer alone. They also should develop the ability to explain how they arrived at that answer. Each lesson should have at least one critical thinking activity built into it forcing students to go beyond the typically straightforward answer. A great lesson†¦is talked about and remembered. It takes time, but the best teachers build a legacy. Students coming up look forward to being in their class. They hear all the crazy stories and cannot wait to experience it themselves. The hard part for the teacher is living up to those expectations. You have to bring your â€Å"A† game every single day, and this can become a challenge. Creating enough great lessons for each day is exhausting. It is not impossible; it just takes a lot of extra effort. Ultimately it is worth it when your students consistently perform well and even more importantly express how much they learned by being in your class. A great lesson†¦is continuously tweaked. It is always evolving. Good teachers are never satisfied. They understand that everything can be improved. They approach each lesson as an experiment, soliciting feedback from their students both directly and indirectly. They look at nonverbal cues such as body language. They look at overall engagement and participation. They look at diagnostic feedback to determine if students are retaining the concepts introduced in the lesson. Teachers use this feedback as a guide to what aspects should be tweaked and each year they make adjustments and then conduct the experiment again.